Friday April 26, 2024

Rev. Rul. 2003-28

GiftLaw Note: In Rev. Rul. 2003-28; 2003-11 IRB 1 (26 Feb. 2003), Treasury set forth guidelines for gifts of patents. All of the gifts involved various restrictions.

The first gift example was a transfer to charity of a license, with retention of the patent. Under the Sec. 170(f)(3) partial interest rules, this gift is not deductible. It is similar to the rent-free lease described in Reg. 1.170A-7(a)(1) and thus nondeductible.

The second transfer was a gift of the patent with a condition of reversion. The gift of the patent to the university required that a specific faculty member be employed for an additional 15 years. This condition failed the "not so remote as to be negligible" test. Since it is quite possible the university would not employ the faculty member for the 15-year term, the gift is not deductible.

The third transfer of a patent was subject to a three-year restriction on the right of the university to either transfer the patent or license the patent to a third party. Since the gift was complete with no partial interest or right of reversion, it is deductible under Sec. 170. However, under Reg. 1.170A-1(c) the restriction would be a factor that could result in reduced valuation for the gift.

Editor's Note: As with any gift of property over $5,000 that is not a publicly traded security, it will be necessary to substantiate the charitable deduction with an appraisal. For case three, the appraiser would need to determine the potential reduction in gift value for the three-year restriction. Since a patent is a capital asset, the appreciated property deduction would normally be subject to a 30% of adjusted gross income limit, with a carry forward for five years.

Part I

Section 170.--Charitable, etc., Contributions and Gifts
26 CFR 1.170-1: Charitable, etc., contributions and gifts; allowance of deduction.
(Also §§ 170; 1.170A-7.)

Rev. Rul. 2003-28

ISSUES

(1) Is a taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a license to use a patent deductible under § 170(a) of the Internal Revenue Code if the taxpayer retains any substantial right in the patent?

(2) Is a taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a patent subject to a conditional reversion deductible under § 170(a)?

(3) Is a taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a patent subject to a license or transfer restriction deductible under § 170(a)?

FACTS

Situation 1. X contributes to University, an organization described in § 170(c) (qualified charity), a license to use a patent, but retains the right to license the patent to others.

Situation 2. Y contributes a patent to University subject to the condition that A, a faculty member of University and an expert in the technology covered by the patent, continue to be a faculty member of University during the remaining life of the patent. If A ceases to be a member of University's faculty before the patent expires, the patent will revert to Y. The patent will expire 15 years after the date Y contributes it to University. On the date of the contribution, the likelihood that A will cease to be a member of the faculty before the patent expires is not so remote as to be negligible.

Situation 3. Z contributes to University all of Z's interests in a patent. The transfer agreement provides that University may not sell or license the patent for a period of 3 years after the transfer. This restriction does not result in any benefit to Z, and under no circumstances can the patent revert to.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

Issue (1)

Section 170(a) provides, subject to certain limitations, a deduction for any charitable contribution, as defined in § 170(c), payment of which is made within the taxable year.

Section 170(f)(3) denies a charitable contribution deduction for certain contributions of partial interests in property. Section 170(f)(3)(A) denies a charitable contribution deduction for a contribution of less than the taxpayer's entire interest in property unless the value of the interest contributed would be allowable as a deduction under § 170(f)(2) if the donor were to transfer the interest in trust.

Section 170(f)(2) allows a charitable contribution deduction, in the case of property that the donor transfers in trust, if the trust is a charitable remainder annuity trust, a charitable remainder unitrust, or a pooled income fund. Further, § 170(f)(2) allows a deduction for the value of an interest in property (other than a remainder interest) that the donor transfers in trust if the interest is in the form of a guaranteed annuity or the trust instrument specifies that the interest is a fixed percentage, distributed yearly, of the fair market value of the trust property (to be determined yearly) and the grantor is treated as the owner of such interest for purposes of applying § 671.

By its terms, § 170(f)(3)(A) does not apply to, and therefore does not disallow a deduction for, a contribution of an interest that, even though partial, is the taxpayer's entire interest in the property. If, however, the property in which such partial interest exists was divided in order to create such interest, and thus avoid § 170(f)(3)(A), a deduction is not allowed. Section 1.170A-7(a)(2)(i) of the Income Tax Regulations.

Sections 170(f)(3)(B)(ii) and 1.170A-7(b)(1) allow a deduction under § 170 for a contribution not in trust of a partial interest that is less than the donor's entire interest in property if the partial interest is an undivided portion of the donor's entire nterest. An undivided portion of a donor's entire interest in property consists of a fraction or percentage of each and every substantial interest or right owned by the donor in such property and must extend over the entire term of the donor's interest in such property and in other property into which such property is converted. A charitable contribution in perpetuity of an interest in property not in trust does not constitute a contribution of an undivided portion of the donor's entire interest if the donor transfers some specific rights and retains other substantial rights.

In enacting § 170(f)(3), Congress was concerned with situations in which taxpayers might obtain a double benefit by taking a deduction for the present value of a contributed interest while also excluding from income subsequent receipts from the donated interest. In addition, Congress was concerned with situations in which, because the charity does not obtain all or an undivided portion of significant rights in the property, the amount of a charitable contribution deduction might not correspond to the value of the benefit ultimately received by the charity. The legislative solution was to.guard against the possibility that such problems might arise by denying a deduction in situations involving partial interests, unless the contribution is cast in certain prescribed forms. See H.R. Rep. No. 91-413 at 57-58 (1969), 1969-3 C.B. 200, 237-239; S. Rep. No. 91-552 at 87 (1969), 1969-3 C.B. 423, 479. The scope of § 170(f)(3) thus extends beyond situations in which there is actual or probable manipulation of the non-charitable interest to the detriment of the charitable interest, or situations in which the donor has merely assigned the right to future income. Rev. Rul. 88-37, 1988-1 C.B. 97.

Section 170(f)(3)(A) and § 1.170A-7(a)(1) treat a contribution of the right to use property that the donor owns, such as a contribution of a rent-free lease, as a contribution of less than the taxpayer's entire interest in the property. Similarly, if a taxpayer contributes an interest in motion picture films, but retains the right to make reproductions of such films and exploit the reproductions commercially, § 1.170A-7( b)(1)(i) treats the contribution as one of less than the taxpayer's entire interest in the property. In both cases, the taxpayer has not contributed an undivided portion of its entire interest in the property. Accordingly, neither contribution is deductible under § 170(a).

In Situation 1, X contributes a license to use a patent, but retains a substantial right, i.e., the right to license the patent to others. The license granted to University is similar to the rent-free lease described in § 1.170A-7(a)(1) and the partial interest in motion picture films described in § 1.170A-7(b)(1)(i), in that it constitutes neither X's entire interest in the patent, nor a fraction or percentage of each and every substantial interest or right that X owns in the patent. As a result, the contribution in Situation 1 constitutes a transfer of a partial interest, and no deduction under § 170(a) is allowable. The result would be the same if X had retained any other substantial right in the patent. For example, no deduction would be allowable if X had contributed the patent (or license to use the patent) solely for use in a particular geographic area while retaining the right to use the patent (or license) in other geographic areas.

Issue (2)

Section 1.170A-1(e) provides that if, as of the date of a gift, a transfer of property for charitable purposes is dependent upon the performance of some act or the happening of a precedent event in order for it to become effective, no deduction is allowable unless the possibility that the charitable transfer will not become effective is so remote as to be negligible. Similarly, under § 1.170A-7(a)(3), if, as of the date of a gift, a transfer of property for charitable purposes may be defeated by the performance of some act or the happening of some event, no deduction is allowable unless the possibility that such act or event will occur is so remote as to be negligible.

In Situation 2, Y's contribution of the patent is contingent upon A continuing as a member of University's faculty for an additional 15 years, the remaining life of the patent. On the date of the contribution, the possibility that A will cease to be a member of the faculty before the expiration of the patent is not so remote as to be negligible. Therefore, no deduction is allowable under § 170(a).

Issue (3)

Section 1.170A-1(c)(1) provides that if a charitable contribution is made in property other than money, the amount of the contribution is the fair market value of the property at the time of the contribution, reduced as provided in § 170(e).

Section 1.170A-1(c)(2) provides that the fair market value is the price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts.

Rev. Rul. 85-99, 1985-2 C.B. 83, provides that when a donor places a restriction on the marketability or use of property, the amount of the charitable contribution is the fair market value of the property at the time of the contribution
determined in light of the restriction. See also Cooley v. Commissioner, 33 T.C. 223, 225 (1959), aff'd per curiam, 283 F.2d 945 (2d Cir. 1960).

In Situation 3, Z transfers to University all of Z's interests in the patent with the restriction that University cannot transfer or license the patent for a period of 3 years after the transfer. Unlike the conditional reversion in Situation 2, the restriction on transfer or license is not a condition that can defeat the transfer. Thus, Z's contribution is deductible under § 170(a), assuming all other applicable requirements of § 170 are satisfied, and subject to the percentage limitations of § 170. See Publication 526, Charitable Contributions (describing other requirements for, and limitations on, the deductibility of charitable contributions). Under § 1.170A-1(c), however, the restriction reduces what would otherwise be the fair market value of the patent, and therefore reduces the amount of Z's charitable contribution. If Z had received a benefit in exchange for the contribution, the value of the benefit would further reduce the amount of Z's charitable contribution. See § 1.170A-1(h); Rev. Rul. 67-246, 1967-2 C.B. 104. See also Singer Co. v. United States, 449 F.2d 413, 423-424 (Ct. Cl. 1971).

HOLDINGS

Under the facts of this revenue ruling:

(1) A taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a license to use a patent is not deductible under § 170(a) if the taxpayer retains any substantial right in the patent.

(2) A taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a patent subject to a conditional reversion is not deductible under § 170(a), unless the likelihood of the reversion is so remote as to be negligible.

(3) A taxpayer's contribution to a qualified charity of a patent subject to a license or transfer restriction is deductible under § 170(a), assuming all other applicable requirements of § 170 are satisfied, and subject to the percentage limitations of § 170, but the restriction reduces what would otherwise be the fair market value of the patent at the time of the contribution, and therefore reduces the amount of the charitable contribution for § 170 purposes.

DRAFTING INFORMATION

The principal authors of this revenue ruling are Martin L. Osborne and Susan Kassell of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax & Accounting). For further information regarding this revenue ruling contact Ms. Kassell on (202) 622-5020 (not a toll-free call).

� Copyright 1999-2024 Crescendo Interactive, Inc.